USMLE Road Map Biochemistry
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1. Physiological Chemistry and Bonding
A. Water as biochemical solvent
B. Hydrogen bonding
C. pH and buffers
D. Other non-covalent interactions
E. Fat-water interfaces
2. Protein Structure and Function
A. Amino acids
B. Primary structure—protein sequence
C. Secondary structures—?-helix and ?-sheet
D. Tertiary structure—domains
E. Quaternary structure—subunits
F. Fibrous proteins—collagen and elastin
G. Globular proteins—myoglobin and hemoglobin
H. Folding and chaperones
3. Enzyme Structure and Function
A. Types of enzymes—classification
B. Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. Hydrogen bonding
C. pH and buffers
D. Other non-covalent interactions
E. Fat-water interfaces
2. Protein Structure and Function
A. Amino acids
B. Primary structure—protein sequence
C. Secondary structures—?-helix and ?-sheet
D. Tertiary structure—domains
E. Quaternary structure—subunits
F. Fibrous proteins—collagen and elastin
G. Globular proteins—myoglobin and hemoglobin
H. Folding and chaperones
3. Enzyme Structure and Function
A. Types of enzymes—classification
B. Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. Other non-covalent interactions
E. Fat-water interfaces
2. Protein Structure and Function
A. Amino acids
B. Primary structure—protein sequence
C. Secondary structures—?-helix and ?-sheet
D. Tertiary structure—domains
E. Quaternary structure—subunits
F. Fibrous proteins—collagen and elastin
G. Globular proteins—myoglobin and hemoglobin
H. Folding and chaperones
3. Enzyme Structure and Function
A. Types of enzymes—classification
B. Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
2. Protein Structure and Function
A. Amino acids
B. Primary structure—protein sequence
C. Secondary structures—?-helix and ?-sheet
D. Tertiary structure—domains
E. Quaternary structure—subunits
F. Fibrous proteins—collagen and elastin
G. Globular proteins—myoglobin and hemoglobin
H. Folding and chaperones
3. Enzyme Structure and Function
A. Types of enzymes—classification
B. Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. Primary structure—protein sequence
C. Secondary structures—?-helix and ?-sheet
D. Tertiary structure—domains
E. Quaternary structure—subunits
F. Fibrous proteins—collagen and elastin
G. Globular proteins—myoglobin and hemoglobin
H. Folding and chaperones
3. Enzyme Structure and Function
A. Types of enzymes—classification
B. Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. Tertiary structure—domains
E. Quaternary structure—subunits
F. Fibrous proteins—collagen and elastin
G. Globular proteins—myoglobin and hemoglobin
H. Folding and chaperones
3. Enzyme Structure and Function
A. Types of enzymes—classification
B. Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
F. Fibrous proteins—collagen and elastin
G. Globular proteins—myoglobin and hemoglobin
H. Folding and chaperones
3. Enzyme Structure and Function
A. Types of enzymes—classification
B. Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
H. Folding and chaperones
3. Enzyme Structure and Function
A. Types of enzymes—classification
B. Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. Types of enzymes—classification
B. Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Inhibition
D. Allosteric regulation
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
E. Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease
4. DNA Structure and Function
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. Purine and pyrimidine bases
B. The DNA molecule
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Packaging into chromatin
D. Replication
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
E. Recombination and repair
5. RNA Structure and Function
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
B. Transcription
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Splicing
D. Ribonucleoprotein complexes
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
6. DNA and Chromosome Analysis
A. Hybridization
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. Nucleic acid electrophoresis
C. Northern and Southern blotting
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. RFLP analysis
E. Polymerase chain reaction
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
F. Allele-specific oligonucleotides
G. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
7. Control of Gene Expression
A. The lac operon
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. The Trp operon
C. Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. Transcription factors
E. Methylation and acetylation
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
8. Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking
A. Translation
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. Post-translational modification
C. Secretion
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. Intracellular targeting
E. Lysosomal degradation
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
F. Proteosomal degradation
9. Biological Membranes
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. The lipid bilayer
B. Transport
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Junctions and intercellular communication
10. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. Microtubules and microfilaments
B. Integrins and focal adhesions
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Extracellular matrix proteins
D. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
E. Motility
11. Overview of Metabolic Relationships
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. Digestion of nutrients
B. Catabolism vs. anabolism
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
13. Hexose Regulation
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Hexose metabolism
14. Pyruvate Oxidation
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA
B. Steps of the TCA Cycle
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Regulation of the TCA cycle
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Transfer of electrons to Complex I
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. Delivery of electrons through Complex II
C. Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer
E. Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
F. Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis
G. Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
16. Lipid Metabolism
A. Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. Fatty acid degradation
C. Formation of triglycerides
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. Glycolipid biosynthesis
E. Eicosanoid biosynthesis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
F. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
G. Lipoproteins
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
17. Amino Acid Metabolism
A. Nitrogen metabolism
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. Essential amino acids
C. Catabolism of amino acids
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. Biosynthesis of amino acids
E. Biosynthesis of porphyrins
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
18. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
A. Biosynthesis of purines
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
B. Biosynthesis of pyrimidines
C. Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
D. Salvage pathways of bases
E. Degradation of purines
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
F. Degradation of pyrimidines
19. Nutritional Biochemistry
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. General Nutritional Requirements
B. Vitamins
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
1. Water-soluble
2. Fat-soluble
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Essential inorganic nutrients
D. Essential amino acids
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
E. Essential lipids
20. Receptors and Signal Transduction
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. Overview of receptors and ligands
B. Types of receptors
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Nuclear receptor superfamily
D. Membrane receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. Growth factor receptors
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
E. Nitric oxide
F. Protein kinase A
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
G. Protein kinase C
H. Calcium-calmodulin signaling
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
I. Kinase cascades
21. Cancer Biology
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
A. Overview of cancer as a genetic disease
B. Definitions
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
C. Chemical carcinogenesis
D. Radiation-induced DNA damage
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
1. Ionizing radiation—x-rays, gamma rays
2. Ultraviolet radiation
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
E. Oncogene activation
F. Tumor suppressors
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
G. Programmed cell death—apoptosis
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