Lab Manual for General, Organic & Biochemistry
7th Edition
0077296729
·
9780077296728
© 2011 | Published: January 20, 2010
The seventh edition, by Charles H. Henrickson,
Larry C. Byrd, and Norman W. Hunter of Western
Kentucky University, offers clear and concise laboratory
experiments to reinforce students’ understanding
of concepts. Pre-laboratory exercises, questions…
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To the Instructors – v
I. General Laboratory Procedures and Laboratory Safety – 1
II. Basic Concepts, Measurement and Properties – 11
a. Experiment 1 Measurement and Density – 11
b. Experiment 2 Preparing Graphs – 25
c. Experiment 3 The Identification of an Unknown Liquid – 37
III. Chemical Separations – 47
a. Experiment 4 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures – 47
b. Experiment 5 Separation Using Chromatographic Techniques – 59
IV. Reactions, Formulas, Equations, Mass Relationships, and Structure – 71
a. Experiment 6 Simple Chemical Reactions – 71
i. Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds – 73
REVIEW A: Chemical Arithmetic – Formulas – 83
b. Experiment 7 Hydrates and the Determination of the Formula of a Hydrate - 95
c. Experiment 8 The reduction of an Oxide of Copper and the Determination of its Simple Formula – 105
REVIEW B: Chemical Arithmetic – Equations – 115
d. Experiment 9 Analysis of a KCIO3-KCI Mixture – 127
e. Experiment 10 Calorimetry – Measuring Heat – 135
f. Experiment 11 The Structure of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 149
ii. Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 150
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
II. Basic Concepts, Measurement and Properties – 11
a. Experiment 1 Measurement and Density – 11
b. Experiment 2 Preparing Graphs – 25
c. Experiment 3 The Identification of an Unknown Liquid – 37
III. Chemical Separations – 47
a. Experiment 4 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures – 47
b. Experiment 5 Separation Using Chromatographic Techniques – 59
IV. Reactions, Formulas, Equations, Mass Relationships, and Structure – 71
a. Experiment 6 Simple Chemical Reactions – 71
i. Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds – 73
REVIEW A: Chemical Arithmetic – Formulas – 83
b. Experiment 7 Hydrates and the Determination of the Formula of a Hydrate - 95
c. Experiment 8 The reduction of an Oxide of Copper and the Determination of its Simple Formula – 105
REVIEW B: Chemical Arithmetic – Equations – 115
d. Experiment 9 Analysis of a KCIO3-KCI Mixture – 127
e. Experiment 10 Calorimetry – Measuring Heat – 135
f. Experiment 11 The Structure of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 149
ii. Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 150
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
b. Experiment 2 Preparing Graphs – 25
c. Experiment 3 The Identification of an Unknown Liquid – 37
III. Chemical Separations – 47
a. Experiment 4 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures – 47
b. Experiment 5 Separation Using Chromatographic Techniques – 59
IV. Reactions, Formulas, Equations, Mass Relationships, and Structure – 71
a. Experiment 6 Simple Chemical Reactions – 71
i. Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds – 73
REVIEW A: Chemical Arithmetic – Formulas – 83
b. Experiment 7 Hydrates and the Determination of the Formula of a Hydrate - 95
c. Experiment 8 The reduction of an Oxide of Copper and the Determination of its Simple Formula – 105
REVIEW B: Chemical Arithmetic – Equations – 115
d. Experiment 9 Analysis of a KCIO3-KCI Mixture – 127
e. Experiment 10 Calorimetry – Measuring Heat – 135
f. Experiment 11 The Structure of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 149
ii. Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 150
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
III. Chemical Separations – 47
a. Experiment 4 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures – 47
b. Experiment 5 Separation Using Chromatographic Techniques – 59
IV. Reactions, Formulas, Equations, Mass Relationships, and Structure – 71
a. Experiment 6 Simple Chemical Reactions – 71
i. Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds – 73
REVIEW A: Chemical Arithmetic – Formulas – 83
b. Experiment 7 Hydrates and the Determination of the Formula of a Hydrate - 95
c. Experiment 8 The reduction of an Oxide of Copper and the Determination of its Simple Formula – 105
REVIEW B: Chemical Arithmetic – Equations – 115
d. Experiment 9 Analysis of a KCIO3-KCI Mixture – 127
e. Experiment 10 Calorimetry – Measuring Heat – 135
f. Experiment 11 The Structure of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 149
ii. Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 150
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
b. Experiment 5 Separation Using Chromatographic Techniques – 59
IV. Reactions, Formulas, Equations, Mass Relationships, and Structure – 71
a. Experiment 6 Simple Chemical Reactions – 71
i. Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds – 73
REVIEW A: Chemical Arithmetic – Formulas – 83
b. Experiment 7 Hydrates and the Determination of the Formula of a Hydrate - 95
c. Experiment 8 The reduction of an Oxide of Copper and the Determination of its Simple Formula – 105
REVIEW B: Chemical Arithmetic – Equations – 115
d. Experiment 9 Analysis of a KCIO3-KCI Mixture – 127
e. Experiment 10 Calorimetry – Measuring Heat – 135
f. Experiment 11 The Structure of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 149
ii. Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 150
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
a. Experiment 6 Simple Chemical Reactions – 71
i. Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds – 73
REVIEW A: Chemical Arithmetic – Formulas – 83
b. Experiment 7 Hydrates and the Determination of the Formula of a Hydrate - 95
c. Experiment 8 The reduction of an Oxide of Copper and the Determination of its Simple Formula – 105
REVIEW B: Chemical Arithmetic – Equations – 115
d. Experiment 9 Analysis of a KCIO3-KCI Mixture – 127
e. Experiment 10 Calorimetry – Measuring Heat – 135
f. Experiment 11 The Structure of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 149
ii. Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 150
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
b. Experiment 7 Hydrates and the Determination of the Formula of a Hydrate - 95
c. Experiment 8 The reduction of an Oxide of Copper and the Determination of its Simple Formula – 105
REVIEW B: Chemical Arithmetic – Equations – 115
d. Experiment 9 Analysis of a KCIO3-KCI Mixture – 127
e. Experiment 10 Calorimetry – Measuring Heat – 135
f. Experiment 11 The Structure of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 149
ii. Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 150
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
d. Experiment 9 Analysis of a KCIO3-KCI Mixture – 127
e. Experiment 10 Calorimetry – Measuring Heat – 135
f. Experiment 11 The Structure of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 149
ii. Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 150
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
f. Experiment 11 The Structure of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 149
ii. Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions – 150
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
V. The Chemical Behavior of Elements – 163
a. Experiment 12 An Activity Series of Several Metals – 163
The Six Great Scientists – 167
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
b. Experiment 13 The Preparation and Properties of Oxygen and the Properties of Oxides – 173
VI. The Gas Laws – 183
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
a. Experiment 14 Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law – 197
b. Experiment 15 The Combined Gas Law and Dalton’s Law – 197
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
i. The Men Behind the Gas Laws – 202
VII. Acid-Base Chemistry – 207
REVIEW C: Chemical Arithmetic – Molarity – 207
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
a. Experiment 16 Acid-Base Titrations – 217
b. Experiment 17 Acids, Bases, pH, Hydrolysis, and Buffers – 229
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
i. The Language of Acids and Bases – 234
VIII. Organic Chemistry – 245
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
a. Experiment 18 The Structure of Hydrocarbons – 245
b. Experiment 19 Properties of Hydrocarbons – 259
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
c. Experiment 20 Carboxylic Acids and Esters – 275
d. Experiment 21 Alcohols – 285
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
e. Experiment 22 Aldehydes and Ketones – 299
f. Experiment 23 The Synthesis of Aspirin – 315
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
i. Calculating Percent Yield – 319
g. Experiment 24 The Properties and Preparation of Soap – 329
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
IX. Biochemistry – 339
a. Experiment 25 The Detection of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates in Foods – 339
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
b. Experiment 26 The Characterization of Carbohydrates – 355
c. Experiment 27 Enzyme Action – 371
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
d. Experiment 28 Analysis of Proteins and Amino Acids by Chromatography – 387
e. Experiment 29 Digestion – 397
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
f. Experiment 30 Extraction of DNA – 407
Appendices – 417
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
Appendix A Vapor Pressure of Water and Various Temperatures
Appendix B Concentration of Common Acids and Bases – 419
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
Appendix C Values of Physical Constants – 420
Appendix D Metric Prefixes – 420
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
Appendix E Conversion Factors – 420
Appendix F Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature – 421
Nomenclature Exercises – 427 – 428
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
Appendix G Significant Figures and Rounding Numbers – 429
Appendix H Using Excel to Prepare Straight-line Graphs – 433
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover.
The seventh edition, by Charles H. Henrickson,
Larry C. Byrd, and Norman W. Hunter of Western
Kentucky University, offers clear and concise laboratory
experiments to reinforce students’ understanding
of concepts. Pre-laboratory exercises, questions, and
report sheets are coordinated with each experiment
to ensure active student involvement and comprehension.
An updated student tutorial on graphing with
Excel has been added to this edition.
Laboratory Instructor’s Manual: Written by Charles H. Henrickson, Larry C. Byrd, and Norman W. Hunter of Western Kentucky University, this helpful guide contains hints that the authors have learned over the years to ensure students’ success in the laboratory. This Resource Guide is available through the Connect Chemistry website for this text.